On August 10, 1825, the U.S. government acquired a right-of-way for the Santa Fe Trail from representatives of the Great and Little Osage Nations. The treaty, and others like it, greatly reduced tensions between Native Americans and white traders and settlers along the trade route between northwestern Missouri and the city of Santa Fe, then a part of Mexico (the U.S. would acquire the territory in 1848 as a result of the Mexican-American War). The route carried almost all of the wagon-based trade between the United States and Santa Fe between 1825 and 1872, when it was finally replaced by railroads. Along the way, its eastern terminus enriched the Missouri towns of Independence, Westport and Kansas City.
Between 1810 and 1821, the unrest of the Mexican Revolution hindered trade between Americans and Mexicans. In 1821, Mexico finally won its independence from Spain, clearing the way for broader commercial relations with the United States. Starting in 1821, William Becknell, widely considered to be the "father" of the Santa Fe Trail, made several trips between Franklin, Missouri and Santa Fe to map out a reasonably safe route for wagon traffic. The travelers who followed in Becknell's wake stood to profit greatly from the trade, but they took many risks along the daunting 900 mile trail. Most dangerous were attacks from the inhabitants of the lands along the route. Especially feared by the white traders were the members of the Apache, Comanche, Osage, and other tribes who sought to protect their land from encroachment.
Regardless of these dangers, Santa Fe residents desired manufactured products from the United States and Europe. In exchange, American traders sought the silver and furs that Santa Fe had to offer. Seeing these potential profits, the U.S. Congress passed a bill introduced by Senator Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, to establish a "highway" between Missouri and Santa Fe. President James Monroe signed the bill into law on March 3, 1825, and ordered that treaties be made with the Native American inhabitants to create a safe passage for the trail.
Commissioners Thomas Mather, George C. Sibley, and Benjamin H. Reeves were dispatched from St. Louis with 30 men and seven wagons as representatives of the U.S. government. On August 10, 1825, they held their first meeting with representatives of a Native American tribe; the Great and Little Osage Nations. They met at present-day Council Grove, Kansas, which would become an important site along the trail due to a natural spring that provided fresh water. In exchange for a $500 payment, the Osage agreed to allow safe passage to travelers and to permit the U.S. to survey and place markers along a path through their land. Council Grove eventually served as a place where traders organized into larger traveling caravans for greater security along the rest of the journey. The commissioners made similar agreements with other tribes along the trail, and by the end of 1825 the Santa Fe Trail opened as an official U.S. highway.
In 1827, Independence, Missouri was founded and soon began service as the eastern trail head. Traders from the east could disembark from their steamboats at the Blue Mills Landing on the Missouri River and head four miles to Independence, where they rested or purchased supplies before disembarking. Then, in 1833, John Calvin McCoy, the son of a Baptist missionary, opened a store and declared its surroundings to be the town of "West Port." After a flood disrupted operations at the Blue Mills Landing in 1844, Westport quickly replaced Independence as the disembarking point for the Santa Fe Trail.
Traders could now travel by steamboat a further 12 miles westward from Independence on the Missouri River and disembark at a small landing north of Westport. This spot, initially known as Westport Landing, eventually grew into the Town of Kansas and was later renamed Kansas City. In addition to being further west, this new terminus enjoyed the added advantage of allowing traders to bypass the difficult Blue River crossing. Within a few years after the establishment of the Santa Fe Trail, the Kansas City area also become the embarkation point for the Oregon and California trails, which were used primarily by settlers moving westward.
By the early 1870s, the Hannibal Bridge had placed Kansas City at the crossroads of railroad-based trade with the West. One of the railroads, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, connected Kansas City with the Southwest by roughly following the route of the old Santa Fe Trail. A train traveling on that line finally signaled the close of the Santa Fe Trail when it arrived in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in February, 1880.
Read full biographical sketches of persons involved in the trade along the Santa Fe Trail; prepared for the Missouri Valley Special Collections, the Kansas City Public Library:
- Biography of Charles E. Kearney (1820-1898), outfitter, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of Daniel Morgan Boone (1769-1839), pioneer, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of Gabriel Prudhomme (17??-1831), early settler, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of James H. McGee (1786-1840), early settler, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of John Harris (1795-1874), hotelier, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of Moses Grinter (1810-1878) and Anna Marshall Grinter (1820-1905), pioneers, by Barbara Magerl.
- Biography of Thomas Bullene (1828-1894), merchant and mayor, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of Thomas Johnson (1802-1865), Methodist minister and missionary to the Indians, by Barbara Magerl.
- Biography of William Chick (1794-1847), pioneer, by Daniel Coleman.
- Biography of William Gillis (circa 1797-1869), Indian trader and Kansas City town founder, by Daniel Coleman.
View images associated with the Santa Fe Trail that are a part of the Missouri Valley Special Collections:
- "Emigrants Leaving Westport Over the Santa Fe Trail, 1850," a painting by W. Herbert Dunton, 1923.
- The Santa Fe Trail map, 1946.
- Santa Fe Trail Ruts, 1931.
- Santa Fe Trail Rut, 1968.
- Santa Fe Trail Monument, 1228 W. 56th.
- A Map of the Indian Territory, Northern Texas, and New Mexico, Showing the Great Western Prairies, 1844.
- Johnson's Map of Missouri and Kansas, 1860; showing the Santa Fe Trail.
- Aunt Sophie's Cabin/Kitchen; located near the Santa Fe Trail in Raytown.
- Automobile in Penn Valley Park; near a marker designating the old Santa Fe Trail, 1920.
- Postcard of the Harris House Hotel; housed many guests at the eastern edge of the Santa Fe Trail.
- Map of The Old Santa Fe Trail from Old Franklin, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1909.
- Map of the Original Survey of the Santa Fe Trail Approved by President Monroe.
Check out the following books, articles, and films about the Santa Fe Trail, held by the Kansas City Public Library:
- America's National Historic Trails, by Kathleen Ann Cordes, pp. 103-129.
- Following the Santa Fe Trail: A Guide for Modern Travelers, by Marc Simmons and Hal Jackson.
- A President, a Church, and Trails West: Competing Histories in Independence, Missouri, by Jon E. Taylor; describes Independence's struggle to balance its emphasis on its local history of President Harry S. Truman, the Mormon church, and the Santa Fe, Oregon, and California Trails.
- "Diamond in the Rough," in Kansas Heritage, Winter 2005, describes the discovery of a natural spring near Council Grove, Kansas along the Santa Fe Trail.
- "Etched in Time: Overland Memories of Johnson County," in the Johnson County Museum Album; based on diary entries from early travelers along the Santa Fe Trail.
- Search the Kansas City Public Library's catalog for dozens of books and films about the Santa Fe Trail.
Visit websites for external resources about the Santa Fe Trail:
- The Santa Fe Trail Association website
- The Santa Fe National Historic Trail on the National Park Service's website
Continue researching the Santa Fe Trail using archival material held by the Missouri Valley Special Collections:
- Vertical File: Becknell, William; widely considered the "Father of the Santa Fe Trail;" discovered a route that allowed passage of wagons.
- Becknell, William Travel Journals, 1905; includes his travels over the Santa Fe Trail.
- Vertical File: Santa Fe Trail.
- Robert Earl Dawson Santa Fe Trail Collection Finding Aid.
- Vertical File: Council Grove, Kansas; an important settlement along the trail.
- Annals of the City of Kansas: Embracing Full Details of the Trade and Commerce of the Great Western Plains, 1858; includes information on the economic and cultural significance of the trade on the Santa Fe Trail.
- Vertical File: Fort Larned, Kansas; established to protect trade along the Santa Fe Trail.
- Robert Van Horn Letters; Series II-Manuscripts, Box 3, Folder 98; mentions the Santa Fe Trail.
- Microfilm: Native Sons Scrapbooks, Roll 13, Samuel Owens; trader.
- Vertical File: Boone's Trading Post.
- Vertical File: Boone, Albert Gallatin; trader.
- Vertical File: Beckwourth, James P.; explorer.
- Vertical File: Bent, William; fur trapper and trader.
- Vertical File: Carson, Kit; carried freight over the Santa Fe Trail.
- Vertical File: Gregg, Josiah; trader and author.
- Vertical File: Williams, Old Bill; scout, interpreter.
- Vertical File: Yoacham, Daniel; early settler and owner of the "Santa Fe Trail shade tree."
- SC 7-2, 3: Missouri Valley Historical Society Collection.
References:
Carrie Westlake Whitney, Kansas City, Missouri: Its History and Its People, 1808-1908, volume 1 (The S.J. Clarke Publishing, Co: Chicago, IL, 1908): 162.
Rick Montgomery and Shirl Kasper, Kansas City: An American Story (Kansas City, MO: Kansas City Star Books, 1999), 22-39.
A. Theodore Brown, Frontier Community: Kansas City to 1870 (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 44, 53-58, 214-215.